Eleven cases were reported, including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries. The natural and human history of a deadly virus is a very interesting behindthescenes look at the quest to find the host animal carrying this devastating virus. But this factor largely dropped out of the picture 7. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf was first reported in 1976 during the ebola outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo formerly zaire, and the virus is named after the ebola river where it was discovered. Ebola hemorrhagic fever alternatively ebola haemorrhagic fever, ehf, or just ebola is a very rare, but severe, mostly fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and other primates, caused by. Ebola virus disease control guideline control guidelines. Nevertheless, hightitered hyperimmune horse anti ebola serum has been produced and been found protective in baboons challenged with ebola virus. This brief book is a product of sections of his 2012 book spillover and recent events.
As of late october 2014, the world health organization reported,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially. The new fatal diseases are being continuously reported in the past decade. Ebola virus 4 ebola response workers killed in eastern congo ambush attack the united states, britain, canada and switzerland on thursday issued a. Ebola virus disease ebola hemorrhagic fever topic guide. This results in internal bleeding that can be lifethreatening. Pdf ebola virus is transmitted to people as a result of direct contact with body.
In other people, it causes severe illness with bruising, bleeding, and failure of many organs in the body, eventually leading to death. Fievre hemorra gique a virus ebola fiche technique. A second major outbreak of ebola occurred in kikwit in 1995. There are millions of viruses all over the world, and they exist in pretty much every ecosystem on earth. Reston ebolavirus was first discovered in laboratories in reston, united states of america usa 5 ebola virus is responsible for viral hemorrhagic fevers like. Ebola damages blood vessel walls and inhibits the blood from clotting. Apr 22, 2015 his study detected the ebola virus in three different bat species, the hammerheaded bat, the franquets epauletted fruit bat, and the little collared fruit bat, all of which have a broad geographical range that includes the regions of africa where human ebola outbreaks occurred. Persistence and genetic stability of ebola virus during the out. This article highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis. The terrifying true story of the origins of the ebola virus by richard preston, ebola. Ebola virus disease, first recognized in 1976 in the democratic republic of the congo, is a serious and often fatal illness in humans and nonhuman primates. Although virus transmission to other countries nigeria, united states, and spain has. Jan 10, 2020 ebola is the virus that causes ebola virus disease.
Introduction ebola virus disease evd is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Ebolavirus and marburgvirus which are among the most virulent pathogens of humans, and cuevavirus, which has only been detected in bats in spain. The current ebola outbreak in west africa is unprecedented in magnitude and duration and, as of november 30, 2014, shows no signs of abating. Ebola virus is one of the most deadly pathogens known to infect humans. Since these original cases, there have been approximately 20 other. List of books and articles about ebola online research.
It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. August 2016 the new england journal of medicine article on the scale and growth of the epidemic, origins of human infection in west africa, the effect of interventions, and preparation for future outbreaks. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. Ebola virus is normally considered as a conceivable biological weapon, thus there is a crucial need to develop effective antiviral drugs and vaccines. They are spread through direct contact with the bodily fluids of a sick person and can cause fever, headache. Ebola virus disease has a fatality rate of 50% to 90%. The well documented sexual transmission of ebola virus ebov by 2 men who survived the 202016 west africa epidemic of ebola virus disease evd coupled with the detection of ebov ribonucleic acid rna in semen months after recovery from evd has raised concern for the continued risk of sexual transmission of ebovs by asymptomatic survivors. The hunt for ebola a cdc team races to uganda just days after an outbreak of the killer virus to try to pinpoint exactly how it is transmitted to humans after ebola is confirmed, doctors and. Ebola was first identified in 1976 near the ebola river in the country now known as the democratic republic of the congo. Ebola ebola virus diseases ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemiology diagnosis. In 2014 and 2015, the largest ebola virus disease evd outbreak in history affected large populations across west africa.
Infection prevention and control principles and recommendations for ebola virus disease. The outbreak began in december 20 in the rural gueckedou district of guinea. Historically, outbreaks of evd have been confined to a single country and have been brought under control by domestic health agencies working in. Ebola home ebola prevention the primary means of preventing ebola involves avoiding direct contact with the body fluid of infected people, as well as anyone who has died from the disease. Ebola hemorrhagic fever alternatively ebola haemorrhagic fever, ehf, or just ebola is a very rare, but severe, mostly fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and. In 2014, an outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic of the congo drc occurred. Since the last situation update on june, 9 alerts have been reported and investigated of which two fulfilled the case definition as a suspected. Ebola virus diseases evds have always been a challenge and a global menace since its discovery in 1976 by dr. Ebola ebola virus disease ebola ebola virus disease fact sheet. This fact sheet sets out the recommendations of the comite sur les infections nosocomiales du quebec cinq2 for ebola virus disease prevention and control measures for quebec hospitals. In some people, ebola virus causes symptoms similar to influenza virus, such as fevers, headache, muscle pains, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Ebola virus disease ebola hemorrhagic fever first appeared in 1976 with two concurrent outbreaks of acute viral hemorrhagic fever involving 284 cases 151 deaths 53% centred in nzara, sudan, and 318 cases 280 deaths 88% in yambuku near the ebola river, democratic republic of congo. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty full text. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a. Zaire, sudan, bundibugyo, tai forest, and reston the zaire species was discovered in 1976 and, through. A virus, such as ebola, is a microscopic organism that can reproduce without any sort of host and then infiltrate all types of organisms animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi and viruses are everywhere. Ebola is also known as ebola virus disease evd or ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. Article pdf available february 2015 with 5,147 reads. Lassa fever, yellow fever, marburg and dengue fever. Ebola virus disease is a rare disease caused by the ebola virus. The four villages have been singled out for analysis because they belong to a trans. Within its branch of the filoviridae tree, ebola comes in five species. It is a severe, often fatal disease 50%90% fatality in humans and nonhuman primates such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa.
This study, which was carried out in december 2014, aimed to find out how 25 villages viewed the ebola threat, and how they coped with regulations designed to eliminate the disease. Ebola virus disease evb or ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf is an rna virus that is part of the filoviridae family of diseases of which there are three membersmarburg virus, cueva virus, and, our concern, ebola virus. However, its high casefatality rate, potential for humantohuman transmission and propensity to be associated with hospitalbased transmission is both concerning and a fertile source for hysteria 31,32. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Ebola virus disease is rare and represents a miniscule fraction of the major infectious diseases burden in africa. Until 20, most outbreaks occurred in the central africa region, including zaire, sudan and uganda. The deadliest outbreak of ebola virus on record has sparked fears that the killer virus could spread from west africa to other regions and continents. Drc getting ready to introduce a second ebola vaccine. By november 4, the world health organization had reported,241 cases in the 3 primarily stricken countries of guinea, sierra leone, and liberia and single cases in senegal and mali. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are. The natural and human history of a deadly virus by.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf was first reported in 1976 during the ebola outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo. Ebola virus ribonucleic acid detection in semen more than. The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, named after the nearby ebola river, was first thought to be marburg virus but was later identified as a new type of virus related to marburg. Without a specific treatment, management of patients with ebola virus disease consists of the provision of supportive and, as required and when possible, critical care, on the basis of the pathophysiological similarities between, on the one hand, ebola virus disease and, on the other hand, septic and possible hypovolaemic shock. Ebola virus can linger in semen of survivors for 9 months. It can be transmitted from wild animals, such as bats, to humans and then caught from close contact with body fluid from infected individuals. We found that the risk for infection in an area can be predicted by case counts, population data, and distances between affected and nonaffected areas. August 2016 importance ebolaviruses and marburgviruses are incompletely understood pathogens that. The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo. Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the us and traveled into the country, either as. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower.
Researchers have long known that the ebola virus can linger in certain bodily fluids even after an infected person begins to recover. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. This product has been confirmed to be efficacious in guinea pigs, but it is not as useful in rhesus monkeys or the mouse model of ebola virus infection 86, 87. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. The journal published its first ebola article in 1995, volume 1, issue number 3. Ebola virus disease contacts factsheet and temperature log sheet appendix 7.
For healthcare workers in africa, who are most likely to encounter cases of ebola, prevention focuses on recognizing cases of the disease when they appear. Ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, members of the filoviridae virus family, are known as emerging and reemerging zoonotic pathogens causing acute hemorrhagic fever with a high casefatality rate in humans up to 90%. The ebola virus causes ebola virus disease evd, or sim ply ebola, in. They are spread through direct contact with the bodily fluids of a sick person and can cause fever, headache, muscle pain. Ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%. Since then, 21 additional ebola virus disease evd outbreaks among humans have occurred in the tropical regions of subsaharan africa. To explain the spread of the 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa, and thus help with response planning, we analyzed publicly available data. The virus, named for the region in congo kinshasa where it was first identified in 1976, emerged from the rain forest, where it survives in as yet unconfirmed hosts, possibly several species of fruit bats but potentially other mammal species. On september 2014, the united nation security council unsc declared the ebola virus disease evd outbreak in africa a threat to international peace and security. In march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. Peter piotin in zaire, africa now democratic republic of congo from the blood of a catholic nun who suspected of having yellow fever. Thirtyfour outbreaks have been reported in africa since it. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc.
Chughtai, helping to solve the primary question of whats next and aiding in. The first cases of the 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa 49 cases in guinea were reported on march 21. The ebola virus causes the often fatal ebola virus disease evd previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever. It was hoped that the virus could be confined to guinea, as even by april 2014, very few cases were. It began in august 2014 and was declared over in november of that year, after 42 days without any new cases. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of ebola virus disease. Understanding the ebola virus the virus itself is really nothing specialuntil it gets inside a human. Nsw ebola virus disease evd patient assessment flow chart pdf appendix 5. Efficacy of vesicular stomatitis virus ebola virus postexposure treatment in rhesus macaques infected with ebola virus makona. Ebola virus has been a threat to human health due to dangerous, highly lethal and infectious behavior since its discovery in 1976.
Four laboratoryconfirmed cases of ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola occurred in the united states in 2014. Ebola virus disease evd is an infectious disease that is spread through humans when blood or bodily fluids urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen from a person infected with ebola come into direct contact through broken skin or mucous membranes such as eyes, nose, or mouth with another. Marburgvirus infections ebola and marburg virus disease, ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever, african hemorrhagic fever in africa. As of november 14, 2014, the world health organization has reported a total of 21,296 ebola virus disease evd. Thirtyfour outbreaks have been reported in africa since it was first. There are five ebola subspecies, four of which are known to cause the disease. Ebola virus disease global health jama jama network. The emerging infectious diseases journal has published many articles on ebola. This forestedge response replicates the pattern determined for other villages in the sample. Additionally, we have included articles and reports referenced in the ba sic literature. Genome sequencing has shown that this outbreak was not related to the 201415 west africa ebola virus epidemic, but was of the same ebov species. Ebola virus ebov derived its name from the ebola river in democratic republic of congo drc formerly zaire where the first ebola virus disease evd outbreak was identified in 1976. Ebola virus disease evd case report form and ebola virus disease evd contact questionnaire pdf appendix 6.
Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. Ebola virus disease evd is one of numerous viral hemorrhagic fevers. Ebola was first identified in 1976 near the ebola river in the country now known as. Regional spread of ebola virus, west africa, 2014 volume 21. Nov 04, 2014 understanding the ebola virus the virus itself is really nothing specialuntil it gets inside a human. On 15 june 2017, no new confirmed or probable cases were reported. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that causes viral hemorrhagic fever and is deadly in up to 90 percent of cases. Marburgvirus contiene una sola especie, marburgvirus.